This manoeuvre put the marsh on Oxford's right. They ranged themselves ahead of Henry's march through the English countryside,[87] meeting twice in secret with Henry as he moved through Staffordshire. Here’s a look at ten facts about the weapons Henry used at the Battle of Bosworth that were just as fierce as his army. [142], Of his supporters, Henry rewarded the Stanleys the most generously. The two had conflicts that erupted into violence around March 1470. After the battle, Richard's circlet is said to have been found and brought to Henry, who was proclaimed king at the top of Crown Hill, near the village of Stoke Golding. [128], The very extensive survey carried out (2005–2009) by the Battlefields Trust headed by Glenn Foard led eventually to the discovery of the real location of the core battlefield. The reply was evasive—the Stanleys would "naturally" come, after Henry had given orders to his army and arranged them for battle. 3. [179] The means by which Richard is shown to prepare his army for the battle also earned acclaim. The earl fled abroad and continued his fight against the Yorkists, raiding shipping and eventually capturing the island fort of St Michael's Mount in 1473. [196] This is corroborated by a 1485–86 letter that mentions "Redesmore" as its site. [43] Richard's army broke through the Scottish defences and occupied the capital, Edinburgh, but Albany decided to give up his claim to the throne in return for the post of Lieutenant General of Scotland. Although a king could raise personal militia from his lands, he could muster a large army only through the support of his nobles. [89] On 21 August, the Stanleys were making camp on the slopes of a hill north of Dadlington, while Henry encamped his army at White Moors to the northwest of their camp. [169] Shakespeare exaggerated the cause of Richard's restless night before the battle, imagining it as a haunting by the ghosts of those whom the king had murdered, including Buckingham. Henry had no choice but to confront Richard's forces alone. [63], In the early stages of the Wars of the Roses, the Stanleys of Cheshire had been predominantly Lancastrians. 1. [39], Well aware of his own military inexperience, Henry handed command of his army to Oxford and retired to the rear with his bodyguards. [90] Richard's sleep was not peaceful and, according to the Croyland Chronicle, in the morning his face was "more livid and ghastly than usual". [30] On 16 March 1485 Richard's queen, Anne Neville, died,[31] and rumours spread across the country that she was murdered to pave the way for Richard to marry his niece, Elizabeth. Thirty ships sailed from Harfleur on 1 August and, with fair winds behind them, landed in his native Wales, at Mill Bay (near Dale) on the north side of Milford Haven on 7 August, easily capturing nearby Dale Castle. Many of the men were armed with small daggers. At the Battle of Barnet, he commanded the Lancastrian right wing and routed the division opposing him. Nor did it see their first large-scale use, for the Swiss captured perhaps as many as 400 when they defeated the Burgundian army at the battles of Grandison and Murton in 1476. No joyous welcome awaited him on shore, and at first few individual Welshmen joined his army as it marched inland. The reasons for this are now hotly debated: Was it simply to save lead? [141] The purge of those who fought for Richard occupied Henry's first two years of rule, although later he proved prepared to accept those who submitted to him regardless of their former allegiances. [113] Richard's force was driven several hundred yards away from Tudor, near to the edge of a marsh, into which the king's horse toppled. Douglas D. Scott, PhD, is a widely-recognized authority on military archaeology and a frequent commentator in broadcast media. This also accounts for the large number of dead in Dadlington parish, leading to the setting up of the battle chantry there. It shows that where sites have not been ravaged by treasure hunters, archaeology may be able to reveal the numbers and sizes of guns, where they were positioned and the intensity of fire they laid down. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. In 1482 Edward charged him to lead an army into Scotland with the aim of replacing King James III with the Duke of Albany. [113], Although he claimed[125] fourth-generation, maternal Lancastrian descendancy, Henry seized the crown by right of conquest. Norfolk was due to inherit a share of the wealthy Mowbray estate on the death of eight-year-old Anne de Mowbray, the last of her family. ( Log Out / [135] On the following day Richard's tomb was unveiled. According to Vergil, Henry's official historian, Lord Stanley found the circlet. [44] Edward was not satisfied by these gains,[45] which, according to Ross, could have been greater if Richard had been resolute enough to capitalise on the situation while in control of Edinburgh. As Richard speaks to his men and draws his plans in the sand using his sword, his units appear on-screen, arraying themselves according to the lines that Richard had drawn. [50] Ross speculates that he bore a grudge against Edward for depriving him of a fortune. Richard, like his predecessors, had to win over these men by granting gifts and maintaining cordial relationships. [76] Historian Geoffrey Elton suggests only Henry's ardent supporters felt pride over his Welsh blood. Perhaps the most iconic of medieval weapons, the sword actually varied greatly in length and the type of blade. The exact site of the battle is disputed because of the lack of conclusive data, and memorials have been erected at different locations. Intimately woven together, the combination of pictorial and narrative elements effectively turns Richard into a storyteller, who acts out the plot he has constructed. Landais reached an agreement with Richard to send back Henry and his uncle in exchange for military and financial aid. [158] According to Reader Colin Burrow, André was so overwhelmed by the historic significance of the battle that he represented it with a blank page in his Henry VII (1502). The Earl of Oxford turned north to avoid the marsh (and possibly Richard's guns). [40] However, he enjoyed very rough sports and activities that were considered manly. The windmill close to which the Duke of Norfolk is said to have died (according to the ballad "Lady Bessy") was Dadlington windmill. As Henry's army advanced past the marsh at the southwestern foot of the hill, Richard sent a message to Stanley, threatening to execute his son, Lord Strange, if Stanley did not join the attack on Henry immediately. The gossip alienated Richard from some of his northern supporters,[32] and upset Henry across the English Channel. Early accounts suggest that this was in the major Lancastrian collegiate foundation, the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke. However, Edward convinced Parliament to circumvent the law of inheritance and transfer the estate to his younger son, who was married to Anne. [107], Recognising that his force was at a disadvantage, Richard signalled for Northumberland to assist but Northumberland's group showed no signs of movement. Here’s a look at ten facts about the weapons Henry used at the Battle of Bosworth that were just as fierce as his army. When it came to using weapons in battle, Henry Tudor’s army was well equipped with some of the finest swords, longbows, daggers, and fighting implements of the time. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by the Lancastrians. He could see the Stanleys and their 4,000–6,000 men holding positions on and around Dadlington Hill, while to the southwest was Henry's army. In 1974 the Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre was built on a site that has since been challenged by several scholars and historians. [129] After two days, the corpse was interred in a plain tomb,[130] within the church of the Greyfriars. To build anticipation for the duel, Shakespeare requests more alarums after Richard's councillor, William Catesby, announces that the king is "[enacting] more wonders than a man". On 2 November he was executed. No mention of Scottish soldiers was made by subsequent English historians. Henry marched via Aberystwyth while Rhys followed a more southerly route, recruiting a force of Welshmen en route, variously estimated at 500 or 2,000 men, to swell Henry's army when they reunited at Cefn Digoll, Welshpool. [9] Having offended many in their quest for wealth and power, the Woodville family was not popular. An “old standard” of medieval weaponry; the spear had a diamond shaped head and sometimes a crossbar. [162], William Shakespeare gives prominence to the Battle of Bosworth in his play, Richard III. Henry Tudor or Henry Beaufort? During the reign of Henry VII’s son, Henry VIII, crossbowmen would rise up to form the vanguard of the army, but during the Battle of Bosworth, these specialized crossbows made of steel and quite large, could shoot with greater strength than their successors. The royal army proceeded westwards to intercept Henry's march on London. Furthermore, historian William Burton, author of Description of Leicestershire (1622),[186] wrote that the battle was "fought in a large, flat, plaine, and spacious ground, three miles [5 km] distant from [Bosworth], between the Towne of Shenton, Sutton [Cheney], Dadlington and Stoke [Golding]". Northumberland had been captured and imprisoned by the Yorkists in 1461, losing his titles and estates; however, Edward released him eight years later and restored his earldom. Richard punctuates his entrance with the classic line, "A horse, a horse! At the beginning of the Battle of Bosworth, canons were used, but proved dangerous and unreliable. [109], At this juncture Richard saw Henry at some distance behind his main force. [68] His non-committal stance, until the crucial point of a battle, earned him the loyalty of his men, who felt he would not needlessly send them to their deaths. Richard's group, comprising 3,000 infantry, formed the centre. Adams posits that the original Shakespearian setting for Richard's fate at Bosworth teaches the moral of facing one's fate, no matter how unjust it is, "nobly and with dignity". [90], On 20 August, Richard rode from Nottingham to Leicester,[91] joining Norfolk. [4] Henry's mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was a great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II and father of King Henry IV. After resting in Shrewsbury, his forces went eastwards and picked up Sir Gilbert Talbot and other English allies, including deserters from Richard's forces. When Richard began his charge, Sir William Stanley intervened from the vicinity of Stoke Golding. [182] By overshadowing the dramatic teaching with special effects, McKellen's film reduces its version of the battle to a pyrotechnic spectacle about the death of a one-dimensional villain. [153] As explored by Professor Philip Morgan, a battle might initially not be named specifically at all. [12] After bringing the young king to London, Gloucester had two of the Woodvilles (the Queen's brother Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers and her younger son by her first marriage Richard Grey) executed, without trial, on charges of treason. Meanwhile, seeing Richard embroiled with Henry's men and separated from his main force, William Stanley made his move and rode to the aid of Henry. [110] Seeing this, Richard decided to end the fight quickly by killing the enemy commander. [56], Henry Tudor was unfamiliar with the arts of war and was a stranger to the land he was trying to conquer. [136], Henry dismissed the mercenaries in his force, retaining only a small core of local soldiers to form a "Yeomen of his Garde",[137] and proceeded to establish his rule of England. Stanley replied that he had other sons. [47] However, he was not averse to displaying his militaristic streak; on ascending the throne he made known his desire to lead a crusade against "not only the Turks, but all [his] foes". [92], The Yorkist army, variously estimated at between 7,500 and 12,000 men, deployed on the hilltop[93][94] along the ridgeline from west to east. [146], Like the kings before him, Henry faced dissenters. [26] At Christmas, Henry Tudor swore an oath in Rennes Cathedral to marry Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, to unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster.
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