Numbers . The only exception to this rule is in. Units of measurement are normally abbreviated when they are accompanied by a numerical value (e.g., 5 cm, 36 min, 12 h). Editorial: Evidence-based guidelines for avoiding the most common APA errors in journal article submissions. Theses, Patents, Conferences, Technical Reports, How to Format Bibliographical Entries for the Cited Reference Page. APA Style: Abbreviations A recent article summarizing previous data from 110 manuscripts submitted to the Research in the Schools journal (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010) shows that APA style deviations related to the use of abbreviations … Other than abbreviations prescribed by APA in reference list elements (e.g., “ed.” for “edition,” “n.d.” for “no date,” etc. If an abbreviation appears as a noun in. However, do not repeat the abbreviation when expressing multiple amounts (e.g., 12-15, 20-23 and 27-30 kHz). Some of the more commonly used examples of abbreviations are listed below. See the “Exceptions to the Rules” section below for more information about commonly used abbreviations. Do abbreviate: hr, min, ms, ns, s. To form the plural of abbreviations, add s alone without apostrophe or italicization. Use CASSI (Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index) for standard abbreviations of journal names. Group author abbreviations are covered in Section 8.21 of the APA Publication Manual, Seventh Edition As with other abbreviations , provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. "United States" should be abbreviated as "U.S." when it is used as an adjective. ), do not use abbreviations in the references list. There are several Latin abbreviations that appear only in parenthetical material: c.f. Exception: To avoid confusion, do not add s to pluralize units of measurement (i.e., use "12 m" to signify "twelve meters," not "12 ms"). Core Journals Covered in CAplus. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! APA 6th Toggle Dropdown. Format: et al. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Combs, J. P., Slate, J. R., & Frels, R. K. (2010). Quotation marks . (2020). Although the patient explained that she experienced frequent headaches and difficulty concentrating, she had not been regularly taking any medication for her TBI symptoms when she visited the clinic 6 months after her diagnosis. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. While CASSI is your best source of abbreviations, you can also check the following online sources: It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This is especially true for longer texts, when spelling out the term each time can be less confusing to the reader. 172-178) Sometimes it may be appropriate to use abbreviations in your writing. For example, a source authored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would not be abbreviated as CDC in the references list. List all authors of an article up to five authors the first time that reference is used. Abbreviations should also not be used in headings, table titles, and figure captions. ), do not use abbreviations in the references list. In list, agate, tabular material, editor’s notes, and credit lines. Washington DC: Author. Other than abbreviations prescribed by APA in reference list elements (e.g., “ed.” for “edition,” “n.d.” for “no date,” etc. Note: RN is a commonly used acronym found in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, so it does not need to be introduced. Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. ... Use CASSI (Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index) for standard abbreviations of journal names. ... Standard abbreviations can be used in your citations. (Do not add an apostrophe.). Articles and Books on Writing the Capstone, Writing for Social Change in the Capstone, APA Formatting & Style: Acronyms/Abbreviations (video transcript), Office of Student Experiential Learning Services. This means 'and others'. A recent article summarizing previous data from 110 manuscripts submitted to the Research in the Schools journal (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2010) shows that APA style deviations related to the use of abbreviations and acronyms were found in 41.82% of the manuscripts. Using abbreviations can be an effective way to avoid repeating lengthy, technical terms throughout a piece of writing, but they should be used sparingly to prevent your text from becoming difficult to read. kgs., CDs, Eds. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here.. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed. Commonly used acronyms and abbreviations may not need to be written out. SOURCE:American Psychological Association. Abbreviations are generally useful for long, technical terms in scientific writing and their use is justified if they add to the clarity of the text. Martin Vasilev is a final year undergraduate student of Psychology at the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, and the author of some of the most popular posts on JEPS Bulletin (see for example, his post on the most common mistakes in APA style was the most read in the JEPS Bulletin in 2013 and his post on writing literature reviews, which was reprinted in the MBA Edge, a magazine for prospective postgraduate students in Malaysia). Crime increased 20% in the study area during this time (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2019). The following units of time should not be abbreviated when accompanied by a numerical value: day, week, month, year. To form the plural of abbreviations, just add s at the end: However, this rule does not apply to units of measurement (e.g., 45 m, 23 kg; see below). Others appear often in journals, and although they are probably familiar to many readers, they nonetheless should be explained at first use: e.g., reaction time (RT), conditional stimulus (CS), short-term memory (STM). This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. First text citation: (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2007). Some groups are recognised by an abbreviation (e.g., WHO for World Health Organisation). Example: Children should learn about family finances in age-appropriate ways (American Psychological Association [APA], 2011). Other than abbreviations prescribed by APA in reference list elements (e.g., “ed.” for “edition,” “n.d.” for “no date,” etc. The first time you use a term you wish to abbreviate, write the abbreviation in brackets immediately after the term. Looking for the definition of APA? – compare i.e. Abbreviations (APA, 2020, pp. According to the APA Style, you only use an abbreviation if it is standard, represents something that is repeated frequently in your dissertation, or allows you to save considerable space. Use brackets if introducing an abbreviation inside parentheses. To use an abbreviation, write out the term or phrase on first use, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. Brackets . Help with citing your sources for a research paper. Research in the Schools, 16(2), ix–xxxvi. (inch), in order to avoid confusion. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). He is a final year undergraduate student of Psychology at the University of Sofia, Bulgaria, and the author of some of the most popular posts at the JEPS Bulletin (see for example, his post on writing literature reviews, which was reprinted in the MBA Edge, a magazine for Malaysian prospective postgraduate students). It is used in in-text citations where there are 3 or more authors. Perhaps because using abbreviations in writing comes so intuitively to us, a lot of people don’t give much thought to the fact that the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2009) has some specific requirements when it comes to abbreviations. After introducing the abbreviation, use the abbreviation by itself, without parentheses, throughout the rest of the document. In the reference list entry, do not include the abbreviation for the group author. Italics . And while the rules governing the use of abbreviations may seem like just another bunch of the innumerable guidelines in the manual, it doesn’t take long to realize that they are actually logical and easy to follow. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Instead, spell out the full name of the group. Bullet points and numbered lists . Note: When introducing an abbreviation within a narrative citation, use a comma between the abbreviation and the year. There are a few exceptions to the basic rules: In APA style, "United States: should always be spelled out when it is used as a noun or location. The rule of thumb is that expressions should be spelled out the first time they are mentioned in the text followed by the abbreviation in parentheses, and then abbreviated on all other occasions. – that is, e.g. See these examples: The patient had been diagnosed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in March of the previous year. Also, do not place a period after abbreviated measurements. Find out what is the full meaning of APA on Abbreviations.com! APA Format and Abbreviations in Citations. Refer to the APA manual, 2010, p. 176. More information on abbreviations can be found in Sections 6.24-6.31 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) Example: In the United States, 67% reported this experience. (2009). For example, instead of writing “12 grams;” you can simply use “12 g.” If, however, you use a unit of measure without a numerical value, write the term out (e.g., “several grams”). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), people with TBI often have difficulty with memory and concentration, physical symptoms such as headaches, emotional symptoms such as sadness and irritability, and difficulty falling asleep. An example of an initialism is BBB (standing for "Better Business Bureau"). I work with five other RNs during a typical shift. In APA, abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader’s understanding and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation. – namely, etc. Many abbreviations take the forms of acronyms (abbreviations consisting of the first letter of each word in a phrase and pronounced as a word) and initialisms (abbreviations consisting of the first letter of each word in a phrase and pronounced letter by letter). Revised on February 28, 2019. 'American Psychological Association' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. However, when deciding whether to abbreviate or not a certain term, keep in mind that abbreviations that are introduced on a first mention in the text and appear less than 3 times thereafter are not advised. Published on October 5, 2016 by Bas Swaen. There are some abbreviations that appear in the reference list and/or in citations (see Table 1): Please note that some of them are capitalized while others are not. In short-form listings of political party affiliation: D-Mich., R-Ind., I-Conn. Below are the 50 AP Style state abbreviations (postal code abbreviations are in parenthesis), Alabama: Ala. (AL) Arizona: Ariz. (AZ) Headings . enough information in the text citation for the reader to locate the entry in the reference list without difficulty. Walden students need to know how to cite information using the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines. Simply add an “s” to an abbreviation to make it plural. An example of an acronym is NIMH (standing for "National Institute of Mental Health"). ______________________________________________________________________________________. The Official Blog of the Journal of European Psychology Students. Appendices . – for example viz. Examples: U.S. population and U.S. Census Bureau. Martin Vasilev is an Editor in JEPS. Second & subsequent citations: (MOH, 2007). How to use APA style abbreviations in your dissertation. APA Guide Toggle Dropdown. For example, write "(Smith, Close, Jones, Clive, and Johnson 2013)" to reference an article written by all of these authors. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. If you use the phrase three times or fewer, it should be written out every time. American Psychological Association. ). If using an abbreviation for a unit of measure with a numerical value, you do not need to write the term out on first use.
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